how to make yourself high

Natural Highs: How to Elevate Your Mood Safely

Are you looking for natural ways to boost your mood and enhance your happiness levels? You’re in the right place! In this article, we will explore holistic methods for elevating both your mind and body, without the use of drugs or alcohol. Achieving a natural high is not only safe but also offers longer-lasting effects and numerous health benefits.

So, how can you make yourself high on life? Let’s dive into various activities that can help you experience euphoria, cultivate joy, and achieve a state of elevated well-being.

Key Takeaways:

  • Engaging in physical exercise, such as jogging, swimming, or yoga, releases endorphins and boosts your mood.
  • Practicing mindfulness and meditation can calm the mind, reduce stress, and cultivate inner peace.
  • Spending time in nature immerses you in tranquility, elevates your mood, and rejuvenates your spirit.
  • Nurturing relationships with loved ones and surrounding yourself with positive individuals enhances your emotional state.
  • Expressing gratitude for life’s blessings fosters a positive mindset and brings joy and fulfillment.

Understanding Natural Euphoria

natural euphoria

Natural euphoria is a state of heightened happiness, well-being, and contentment that is derived from within without relying on external substances. Unlike the temporary effects of drugs, natural highs offer long-lasting benefits without negative side effects or health risks. By engaging in activities that stimulate the brain’s natural feel-good chemicals, such as dopamine, individuals can achieve a sustainable form of joy and promote overall well-being.

Experiencing natural euphoria involves finding joy in everyday moments and embracing practices that cultivate happiness. Whether it’s through physical activities, mindfulness, or nurturing relationships, there are various ways to achieve a natural high and enhance your well-being.

Stimulating the Brain’s Natural Feel-Good Chemicals

To understand natural euphoria, it’s important to explore how certain activities stimulate the brain’s natural feel-good chemicals. Dopamine, often referred to as the “happy hormone,” plays a crucial role in regulating happiness and pleasure. Engaging in activities that increase dopamine levels can lead to heightened happiness and a sense of well-being.

Engaging in activities that increase dopamine levels can lead to heightened happiness and a sense of well-being.

Activities that can boost dopamine levels and help achieve a natural high include:

  • Participating in physical exercise
  • Practicing mindfulness or meditation
  • Engaging in creative pursuits
  • Connecting with nature
  • Nurturing relationships

By incorporating these activities into your daily routine, you can stimulate your brain’s natural feel-good chemicals and experience sustainable joy.

Benefits of Natural Highs

Choosing natural highs over artificial substances offers numerous benefits for your overall well-being. Unlike drugs or alcohol, natural euphoria provides long-term happiness and contentment without the negative side effects or health risks.

Some key benefits of natural highs include:

  • Improved emotional well-being
  • Enhanced mental clarity and focus
  • Increased energy levels
  • Stress relief and relaxation
  • Improved physical health and fitness
  • Boosted immune system

By embracing natural euphoria, you can experience sustainable joy, improved overall well-being, and a deeper appreciation for life’s simple pleasures.

Summary

Natural euphoria is a state of heightened happiness, well-being, and contentment that can be achieved through various activities and practices. By stimulating the brain’s natural feel-good chemicals, individuals can experience sustainable joy without relying on external substances. Natural highs offer long-term benefits and promote overall well-being. So, why settle for temporary highs when you can enjoy the sustained bliss of a natural high?

The Power of Physical Activities

boost mood

Engaging in physical activities is a powerful way to boost mood and overall well-being. Regular exercise releases endorphins, also known as “feel-good” hormones, which elevate mood and create a sense of euphoria. Activities such as jogging, swimming, dancing, and yoga not only improve physical health but also promote mental clarity and a positive mindset.

Exercise has a direct impact on our brain and emotions. When we engage in physical activities, our body releases endorphins, which are natural chemicals that act as mood boosters. These endorphins interact with receptors in our brain, reducing pain perception and triggering feelings of positivity and well-being.

Regular physical exercise not only enhances our physical health but also has long-lasting effects on our mental and emotional well-being. It strengthens our cardiovascular system, improves flexibility and stamina, and helps maintain a healthy weight. Moreover, it reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity, which can have a significant impact on our overall well-being.

Furthermore, physical activities promote mental clarity and a positive mindset. When we exercise, our brain releases neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which are associated with feelings of happiness, relaxation, and focus. These neurotransmitters not only increase our overall sense of well-being but also help reduce stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression.

The benefits of physical activities go beyond the physical realm. They have a profound impact on our mental and emotional well-being, helping us achieve a positive mindset and boost our mood.

Engaging in different types of physical activities allows us to find enjoyment and choose activities that align with our preferences. Some individuals may prefer high-intensity workouts, while others may find solace in activities like yoga, pilates, or dancing.

Here is a table outlining various physical activities and their impact on boosting mood and overall well-being:

Physical Activity Impact on Mood Impact on Well-Being
Jogging Increases endorphin production, elevating mood Improves cardiovascular health, strengthens muscles
Swimming Provides a sense of relaxation and well-being Boosts cardiovascular fitness, improves muscle tone
Dancing Enhances mood through self-expression and movement Improves coordination, flexibility, and balance
Yoga Promotes relaxation, reduces stress, and anxiety Increase flexibility, strength, and mindfulness

The Benefits of Meditation and Mindfulness

meditation

Meditation and mindfulness practices offer numerous benefits that can enhance overall well-being and bring a sense of calm and inner peace. By incorporating these practices into your daily routine, you can reduce stress, cultivate a peaceful mind, and experience a deep sense of relaxation and bliss.

Meditation: Calming the Mind and Reducing Stress

Meditation is a practice that involves focusing your attention and eliminating the stream of thoughts that may be causing stress and anxiety. By sitting quietly and observing your breath or repeating a mantra, you can train your mind to let go of worries and enter a state of deep relaxation.

“Meditation can help individuals detach from their thoughts and worries, allowing them to experience a sense of calm and tranquility.”

Regular meditation practice has been scientifically proven to reduce stress and anxiety. Studies have shown that meditation can lower the levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, in the body, leading to a greater sense of calm and well-being. It can also improve sleep quality, enhance concentration, and promote emotional resilience.

Mindfulness: Cultivating Inner Peace and Relaxation

Mindfulness is the practice of being fully present in the moment and paying attention to your thoughts, feelings, and sensations without judgment. It involves bringing your attention to the present moment, whether it’s focusing on your breath, the sensations in your body, or the sounds around you.

Through mindfulness, you can cultivate a deep sense of inner peace and relaxation. By becoming aware of your thoughts and emotions without getting caught up in them, you can detach from stress and anxieties and experience a greater sense of clarity and well-being.

See also  Miss Teen USA 2023 Winner Revealed - Find Out!

Research has shown that mindfulness can reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and chronic pain. It can also improve overall mental health and help individuals develop a positive outlook on life.

A Practice for Everyone

Meditation and mindfulness are practices that can be adapted to suit individual preferences and lifestyles. Whether you choose to meditate in silence, listen to guided meditation recordings, or practice mindfulness during daily activities such as walking or eating, there is a method that can work for everyone.

By dedicating even just a few minutes each day to meditation and mindfulness, you can experience the benefits of reduced stress, increased relaxation, and a calm, peaceful mind.

Benefits of Meditation and Mindfulness
Reduces stress and anxiety Creates a sense of inner peace and calm
Improves sleep quality Enhances concentration and focus
Promotes emotional resilience Reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety
Boosts overall mental health Develops a positive outlook on life

Connecting with Nature

spending time in nature

Spending time in nature has a profound impact on well-being. Whether it’s a walk in the park, a hike in the mountains, or simply sitting by the beach, immersing oneself in natural surroundings can have a transformative effect on our mood and overall state of mind.

Nature has a way of elevating our mood and filling us with awe. The beauty of the natural world, from majestic mountains to serene forests, holds a power that can transport us to a state of tranquility and rejuvenation.

When we spend time in nature, we are reminded of our place in the larger scheme of things. We become aware of the interconnectedness of all living beings and the vastness of the universe. This sense of awe can leave us feeling humbled, inspired, and more connected to something greater than ourselves.

Whether we are gazing at a vibrant sunset, listening to the soothing sounds of a flowing river, or feeling the gentle touch of a breeze on our skin, nature has a way of captivating our senses and bringing us back to the present moment.

Benefits of Connecting with Nature:

  • Enhanced mood and elevated spirits
  • Increased feelings of awe and wonder
  • A deep sense of tranquility and calmness
  • Improved overall well-being and rejuvenation

By spending time in nature, we tap into a wellspring of natural beauty and peace that can nurture our souls and provide a much-needed respite from the hustle and bustle of daily life.

“Nature always wears the colors of the spirit.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

So, the next time you find yourself longing for a natural high, step outside and immerse yourself in the wonders of the natural world. Let nature be your guide on a journey of awe, tranquility, and rejuvenation.

Nurturing Relationships

Cultivating meaningful relationships with family, friends, and loved ones is essential for happiness and overall well-being. In our interconnected world, human connection plays a vital role in fostering social support and nurturing positive emotions. Building strong relationships allows us to share our joys and sorrows, seek advice and guidance, and experience a sense of belonging.

Engaging in activities together is a great way to deepen bonds and create lasting memories. Whether it’s going for a hike, cooking a meal together, or simply enjoying a movie night, shared experiences strengthen the connection between individuals and contribute to a sense of happiness and well-being.

“The quality of our relationships determines the quality of our lives.”

When we surround ourselves with positive and supportive individuals, we are more likely to experience elevated levels of joy and well-being. These relationships provide a safety net during challenging times, offering emotional support, encouragement, and a listening ear. Knowing that we have loved ones who truly care about us can significantly boost our overall happiness and well-being.

The Power of Human Connection

Studies have shown that strong social connections contribute to increased happiness, improved mental health, and even a longer lifespan. When we connect with others on a deep level, we tap into the power of human connection, which has a profound impact on our well-being.

Positive social interactions release oxytocin, a hormone that promotes feelings of trust, empathy, and love. This hormone enhances our sense of well-being and fosters positive emotions. By nurturing relationships and prioritizing social connections, we create a support system that sustains us during both happy and challenging times.

Nurturing Relationships and Personal Growth

Nurturing relationships not only bring us happiness but also contribute to our personal growth and development. Through meaningful conversations and interactions, we gain new perspectives, broaden our horizons, and learn from others. Maintaining open and honest communication allows us to build trust and enhance our emotional intelligence.

When we nurture relationships, we develop important life skills such as empathy, active listening, and conflict resolution. These skills not only benefit our personal relationships but also extend to other areas of our lives, including our professional careers.

By putting effort into cultivating strong relationships, we create a positive ripple effect that extends beyond our own lives. Our connections and interactions influence those around us, creating a supportive and uplifting environment for everyone involved.

Nurturing relationships is a cornerstone of happiness and well-being. The positive emotions and social support that come from strong connections contribute to a natural high that enhances our overall quality of life.

The Power of Gratitude

Expressing gratitude is a powerful practice that has the potential to transform our lives and bring about immense happiness and fulfillment. When we take the time to reflect on the blessings in our lives and express gratitude for them, we shift our focus from what we lack to the abundance that surrounds us.

Fostering a Positive Mindset

Gratitude fosters a positive mindset by redirecting our attention to the positive aspects of our lives. It helps us appreciate the small joys, the kindness of others, and the beauty that exists all around us. By cultivating a grateful mindset, we train ourselves to see the goodness and positivity in every situation, even during challenging times.

Lifting Spirits and Promoting Joy

Expressing gratitude lifts our spirits and brings about a sense of joy and well-being. When we acknowledge and appreciate the goodness in our lives, we feel happier and more content. Gratitude has the power to shift our perspective, enabling us to focus on the positive aspects of our experiences and find greater joy in the present moment.

Cultivating Fulfillment

Gratitude brings a deep sense of fulfillment as it helps us recognize the richness of our lives. When we express gratitude, we become aware of the abundance of love, friendships, opportunities, and experiences that surround us. This awareness cultivates a profound sense of fulfillment, reminding us of the meaningful connections and experiences that make life truly fulfilling.

“Gratitude can transform common days into thanksgivings, turn routine jobs into joy, and change ordinary opportunities into blessings.” – William Arthur Ward

Incorporating a gratitude practice into our daily lives can have a significant impact on our happiness and overall well-being. It allows us to appreciate the present moment, foster positive relationships, and cultivate a positive mindset. By expressing gratitude, we invite more happiness, fulfillment, and positivity into our lives.

See also  Optimal Teen Fitness: How Much Physical Activity Do Teens Need
Benefits of Gratitude: Ways to Express Gratitude:
  • Increased happiness
  • Reduced stress
  • Improved mental health
  • Enhanced relationships
  • Greater sense of fulfillment
  • Keeping a gratitude journal
  • Writing thank-you notes
  • Expressing appreciation verbally
  • Practicing mindfulness
  • Sharing acts of kindness

Embracing Creative Pursuits

Engaging in creative activities allows for self-expression and can bring about a sense of joy and fulfillment. Activities such as painting, writing, playing an instrument, or dancing unleash imagination and provide a channel for self-discovery. The process of creation can elevate mood and contribute to a natural high.

Whether it’s picking up a paintbrush and letting colors flow onto a canvas or sitting down with a pen and paper to let words come to life, engaging in creative pursuits can be incredibly rewarding. Through artistic expression, individuals have the opportunity to explore their inner thoughts, emotions, and ideas, allowing for a deeper understanding of oneself.

The Therapeutic Power of Creative Activities

Participating in creative activities has a therapeutic effect on the mind and body. It provides an outlet for emotional release, stress reduction, and self-reflection. When engaging in creative pursuits, individuals can experience a state of flow, where they are fully immersed in the present moment and in tune with their inner thoughts and feelings.

“Creativity takes courage.” – Henri Matisse

Expressing oneself artistically allows for the exploration of new perspectives, ideas, and possibilities. It encourages individuals to step outside their comfort zones and embrace their unique voice. Creative activities can also serve as a form of relaxation and meditation, offering a break from the stresses of everyday life.

Unlocking Joy and Self-Discovery

Engaging in creative pursuits can unlock a sense of joy and playfulness within individuals. It provides an opportunity to let loose, have fun, and express oneself freely. Whether it’s through a dance routine, a musical performance, or a visual artwork, the act of creation brings forth positive emotions and a deep sense of satisfaction.

Moreover, participating in creative activities can lead to unexpected self-discovery. As individuals delve into the creative process, they may uncover hidden talents, passions, and desires. It can be a transformative journey of self-exploration, allowing individuals to connect with their authentic selves and embrace their unique creative potential.

Incorporating creative pursuits into daily life can enhance overall well-being and contribute to a natural high. It provides an avenue for self-expression, joy, and artistic expression that nourishes the mind, body, and soul. Whether it’s picking up a paintbrush, writing a poem, or dancing to a favorite tune, embracing creativity is a powerful way to cultivate happiness and live a fulfilling life.

The Impact of Music and Dance

Music and dance have a profound effect on our emotions and well-being. They have the power to uplift spirits, evoke intense emotions, and generate positive energy. Whether it’s dancing to your favorite beat or immersing yourself in the melodies that resonate with your soul, music and dance can elevate your mood to new heights.

Creating a playlist of your favorite songs that bring joy and happiness can be an instant mood booster. When you press play, let the rhythm flow through you and allow yourself to surrender to the music. As you sway and move to the beats, you release pent-up energy and experience a sense of freedom and euphoria.

Music and dance go hand in hand, complementing each other in a beautiful symphony of expression. Dance is a form of physical storytelling, allowing you to communicate your emotions nonverbally. It provides an outlet for self-expression and serves as a vehicle for catharsis and release.

When you dance, you connect with your body, breathe deeply, and immerse yourself in the present moment. Through dance, you can tap into a wellspring of positive energy and let it flow freely. It’s a transformative experience that uplifts your spirits, enhances your mood, and fills your entire being with joy.

The Healing Power of Music:

“Music gives a soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination, and life to everything.” – Plato

Research has shown that music has a direct impact on our emotional state. Certain melodies and rhythms have the ability to evoke specific emotions and elicit powerful responses within us. Whether it’s a lively and upbeat tune that brings a smile to your face or a melodious ballad that moves you to tears, music has the power to transport us to different emotional realms.

Music therapy is a recognized form of therapy that utilizes the healing power of music to promote physical, emotional, and mental well-being. It has been shown to reduce stress, alleviate anxiety, improve mood, increase self-expression, and enhance overall quality of life. It can also serve as a powerful tool for managing pain, enhancing memory, and promoting relaxation.

Adding music and dance to your daily routine can have a transformative effect on your well-being. It can uplift your spirits, evoke powerful emotions, and infuse your life with positive energy. So, put on your favorite song, let the music guide your body, and dance like nobody’s watching!

Benefits of Music and Dance

Benefits Music Dance
Uplifts spirits
Elicits emotions
Generates positive energy
Promotes self-expression
Reduces stress
Improves mood
Enhances overall well-being

The Role of Aromatherapy

Aromatherapy is a holistic practice that harnesses the power of essential oils to enhance relaxation, promote well-being, and create a soothing atmosphere. These oils, derived from plants, possess unique aromatic properties that can uplift the mood, calm the mind, and provide a natural high.

Experimenting with different essential oils allows individuals to discover scents that resonate with their preferences and desired effects. Whether it’s the calming aroma of lavender, the invigorating scent of citrus, or the refreshing essence of peppermint, each essential oil offers unique therapeutic benefits.

Through the use of diffusers, massage oils, or aromatic baths, aromatherapy can create a serene and blissful environment that encourages relaxation and stress relief. The scent molecules released by essential oils directly stimulate the olfactory system, triggering emotional and physiological responses that help induce a state of tranquility and well-being.

Benefits of Aromatherapy:

  • Promotes relaxation and reduces stress
  • Improves sleep quality and combats insomnia
  • Enhances mood and uplifts spirits
  • Relieves anxiety and calms the mind
  • Boosts energy levels and revitalizes the body
  • Supports respiratory health and clears congestion

“The transformative power of aromatherapy lies in the ability of scent to evoke emotions, create a sense of calm, and elevate overall well-being.”

Whether incorporated into a daily self-care routine or utilized during specific situations, such as before bedtime or during meditation, aromatherapy offers a natural and effective way to enhance relaxation and well-being. By harnessing the incredible scents of essential oils, individuals can create a tranquil environment that promotes a natural high and cultivates a deeper sense of harmony within themselves.

See also  Teens & Adult Vitamins: Safe or Not?

Prioritizing Restful Sleep and Healthy Nutrition

Adequate sleep and rest are essential for maintaining physical and mental well-being. Establishing a bedtime routine that promotes relaxation and quality sleep, along with nourishing the body with healthy nutrition, contributes to optimal brain function and promotes a natural sense of vitality and happiness.

The Importance of Restful Sleep

Quality sleep is vital for overall well-being. It allows the body to repair and rejuvenate, leading to improved cognitive function, emotional stability, and physical health. When we prioritize restful sleep, we provide our bodies with the opportunity to recharge and restore energy levels.

“Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together.”

– Thomas Dekker

To ensure restful sleep, consider implementing the following habits:

  • Create a calming bedtime routine that includes activities like reading, meditating, or taking a warm bath.
  • Avoid electronics and stimulating activities close to bedtime.
  • Keep your sleep environment dark, quiet, and comfortable.
  • Stick to a consistent sleep schedule, even on weekends, to regulate your body’s internal clock.

Fueling the Body with Healthy Nutrition

The food we consume plays a significant role in our overall well-being. A nutritious diet provides the body with essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, fueling optimal brain function and physical performance.

Make sure your diet includes:

  • Fresh fruits and vegetables, providing essential vitamins and antioxidants.
  • Whole grains, offering sustained energy release.
  • Lean proteins, promoting muscle repair and growth.
  • Healthy fats, such as those found in nuts, avocados, and olive oil, supporting brain health.
  • Adequate hydration, as water is essential for optimal bodily functions.

By prioritizing restful sleep and fueling your body with healthy nutrition, you can enhance your overall well-being and maintain steady energy levels throughout the day.

Conclusion

Achieving natural highs and elevating your mood can be achieved through a variety of techniques and practices that promote holistic well-being. By incorporating these practices into your daily routine, you can experience lasting joy and well-being without relying on drugs or alcohol.

Engaging in physical activities such as exercise, mindfulness, and meditation can stimulate the release of natural feel-good chemicals in the brain and promote a positive mindset. Connecting with nature, nurturing relationships, expressing gratitude, and embracing creativity can also contribute to a natural high.

Music and dance have the power to uplift spirits and evoke positive emotions, while aromatherapy using essential oils can create a serene and blissful atmosphere. Prioritizing restful sleep and fueling your body with healthy nutrition are essential for maintaining energy levels and overall well-being.

By embracing these practices, you can elevate your mood, experience holistic well-being, and enjoy the benefits of natural highs – all without the need for substances. Start incorporating these activities into your life today and experience the positive effects they can have on your overall happiness and well-being.

FAQ

How can I achieve a natural high without using drugs or alcohol?

There are various activities and practices you can engage in to achieve a natural high. These include physical exercise, mindfulness and meditation, connecting with nature, nurturing relationships, expressing gratitude, engaging in creative pursuits, enjoying music and dance, using aromatherapy, prioritizing restful sleep, fueling your body with healthy nutrition, and embracing laughter.

How does exercise boost mood and well-being?

Regular exercise releases endorphins, also known as “feel-good” hormones, which elevate mood and create a sense of euphoria. Activities such as jogging, swimming, dancing, and yoga not only improve physical health but also promote mental clarity and a positive mindset.

What are the benefits of meditation and mindfulness?

Meditation and mindfulness practices have been proven to calm the mind, reduce stress, and cultivate inner peace. By focusing on the breath and observing thoughts without judgment, individuals can experience a deep sense of relaxation and bliss. Regular meditation practice helps alleviate anxiety, improve concentration, and enhance overall well-being.

How does spending time in nature contribute to a natural high?

Spending time in nature has a profound impact on well-being. Whether it’s a walk in the park, a hike in the mountains, or simply sitting by the beach, immersing oneself in natural surroundings can elevate mood, induce feelings of awe and tranquility, and provide rejuvenation. Appreciating the beauty of the natural world can promote a sense of well-being and contribute to a natural high.

How do nurturing relationships contribute to a natural high?

Cultivating meaningful relationships with family, friends, and loved ones is essential for happiness and overall well-being. Engaging in activities together, sharing thoughts and feelings, and creating lasting memories can enhance emotional state and contribute to a natural high. Surrounding oneself with positive and supportive individuals can greatly increase feelings of joy and well-being.

How does expressing gratitude promote a natural high?

Expressing gratitude for the blessings in life can have a profound impact on overall happiness. Reflecting on things to be grateful for shifts focus from lack to abundance, fostering a positive mindset and a sense of fulfillment. Gratitude is a powerful tool that naturally lifts spirits and brings joy and well-being.

How do creative pursuits contribute to a natural high?

Engaging in creative activities allows for self-expression and can bring about a sense of joy and fulfillment. Activities such as painting, writing, playing an instrument, or dancing unleash imagination and provide a channel for self-discovery. The process of creation can elevate mood and contribute to a natural high.

How does music and dance impact mood and well-being?

Music has the ability to uplift spirits and evoke powerful emotions. Creating a playlist of favorite songs that bring joy and dancing to the music can release pent-up energy and provide a sense of freedom and euphoria. Letting the music move the body allows for the flow of positive energy.

What role does aromatherapy play in achieving a natural high?

Aromatherapy utilizes the scents of essential oils to promote relaxation, uplift mood, and induce a sense of well-being. Experimenting with different essential oils, such as lavender, citrus, or peppermint, can create a serene and blissful atmosphere, providing a natural high.

How does prioritizing sleep and nutrition contribute to a natural high?

Adequate sleep and rest are essential for physical and mental well-being. Establishing a bedtime routine that promotes relaxation and quality sleep, as well as fueling the body with healthy nutrition, contributes to optimal brain function and promotes a natural sense of vitality and happiness.

How can I achieve a natural high without drugs or alcohol?

Achieving a natural high without drugs or alcohol is possible through various techniques and practices. Engaging in physical activities, practicing mindfulness and meditation, connecting with nature, nurturing relationships, expressing gratitude, embracing creativity, enjoying music and dance, using aromatherapy, prioritizing restful sleep, fueling the body with healthy nutrition, and embracing laughter can promote holistic well-being and elevate mood. By incorporating these practices into daily routines, individuals can experience lasting joy and well-being without relying on substances.

Source Links

Similar Posts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *